Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis

Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While her father was a giant in the field of psychology, Anna Freud was an accomplished psychologist in her own right. She was the founder of child psychoanalysis and extended and further refined her father’s ideas about defense mechanisms. Fast Facts: Anna Freud Known For: Founding child psychoanalysis and work on ego’s defense mechanismsBorn: December 3, 1895 in Vienna, AustriaDied: October 9, 1982 in London, EnglandParents: Sigmund Freud and Martha BernaysKey Accomplishments: Chairman of the Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society (1925-1928); Honorary President of the International Psychoanalytical Association (1973-1982); Founder of the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (1952, now known as the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) Early Life Anna Freud was born in 1895 in Vienna, Austria. She was the youngest of six children born to Sigmund Freud and his wife, Martha Bernays. She did not have a good relationship with her mother and was distant from her five siblings, especially her sister Sophie, who she felt was a rival for her father’s attention. However, she was close to her father. Sigmund Freud, fourth from left, sits at an elegant dining table with the rest of his family, including his daughter Anna, far right. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images / Getty Images Anna Freud graduated from Cottage Lyceum in 1912. While she didn’t go on to higher education, she claimed that she learned more at home from her father and his colleagues than she ever did at school. And, of course, Anna Freud had unparalleled access to information on psychoanalysis, which would eventually enable her to become an important voice in the field. Career In 1917, Anna Freud took a job as a primary school teacher. She also started to undergo psychoanalysis with her father- a practice that would be considered unusual today but was more common at the time. In 1923, Anna Freud started her own psychoanalytic practice focusing specifically on children. This was also the year that her father was diagnosed with cancer and Anna became his caretaker. Shortly afterwards, Anna Freud started teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. Then in 1927, she became the Secretary for the International Psychoanalytic Association, and in 1935, the director of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. The following year she published her best-known work, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, which expanded on her father’s ideas about defenses and the ways the ego works to protect itself. In 1938, when the Nazi threat became too great, Anna and Sigmund Freud fled Vienna and settled in London. World War II started there in 1939. Sigmund Freud died a few weeks later. Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) (second right) arrives in Paris after leaving Vienna en route to London, Paris, France, June 1938. He is accompanied by his daughter Anna (1895 - 1982) (left), wife of Prince George of Greece, Marie Bonaparte (1882 - 1962) (second left), and her son Prince Peter of Greece (1908 - 1980) (right). Pictorial Parade / Getty Images During her early years in England, Freud found herself in conflict with Melanie Klein, another psychoanalyst who was also formulating techniques to use with children. Freud and Klein differed on key points about child development, which led to their different approaches to analysis. In order to resolve the disagreement, they engaged in a series of â€Å"Controversial Discussions† that ended with the British Psychoanalytical Society forming training courses for both perspectives.   In 1941, Anna Freud opened The Hampstead War Nurseries with her friend Dorothy Burlingham. There, they cared for children who had been separated from their families due to the war and documented the children’s responses to the stress of being separated from their parents. After closing the nursery at the end of the war, Freud founded the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952. She was its director until her death in London in 1982.   Contributions to Psychology Freud was a pioneer of child psychoanalysis. She developed new techniques to help children, as she found they required different psychological treatments than adults.  She also pointed out that the symptom’s exhibited by children varied from those displayed by adults. She suggested this was a result of children’s developmental stages. In addition, her work on the ego’s defense mechanisms is still considered seminal. It was a major contribution to both ego psychology and adolescent psychology. Freud said repression, the unconscious suppression of impulses that could be problematic if they were acted upon, was the principle defense mechanism. She also detailed a number of other defense mechanisms, including denial, projection, and displacement. Key Works Freud, Anna. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.Freud, Anna. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development.Freud, Anna. (1966-1980). The Writing of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Anna Freud Biography (1895-1982).† Verywell Mind, 11 November 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/anna-freud-biography-1895-1982-2795536GoodTherapy. â€Å"Anna Freud (1895-1982).† 14 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/anna-freud.htmlSandler, Anna Marie. Anna Freud. British Psychoanalytical Society, 2015. https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/our-authors-and-theorists/anna-freudSmirle, Corinne. Profile of Anna Freud. Psychologys Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive, edited by In A. Rutherford. feministvoices.com/anna-freud/Sigmund Freud Museum. Vita Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/en/sigmund-and-anna-freud/vita-anna-freud.html  Sigmund Freud Museum. Biography Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/files/inhalte/dokumente/en/anna_freud_biopgraphy_eng_pdf.pdfThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Anna Freud: Austrian-British Psychoanalyst.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, 29 November 2018. https://www.britann ica.com/biography/Anna-Freud

Report Card Comments for Math

Report Card Comments for Math Thinking of unique comments and phrases to write on a students report card is hard enough, but to have to comment on math is twice as difficult. There are so many different aspects in math to comment upon that it may get a bit overwhelming for teachers. To make the job a bit easier, use the following phrases to assist you in writing out your report card comments for math. Providing Feedback These phrases offer a good starting point for student feedback, but you might also find it helpful to record actual examples in order to have something concrete to review in a one on on setting. Positive Comments In writing comments for elementary student report cards, use these positive phrases regarding students progress in math. Has a solid understanding of all math concepts taught so far this year.Is mastering math concepts easily.Chooses to work on challenging math problems.Has grasped the difficult concept of (adding/subtracting/long division/place value/fractions/decimals).Math is a favorite area of study for...Enjoys math manipulatives and can be found using them during free time.Seems to understand all math concepts.Particularly enjoys hands-on math activities.Continues to turn in superb math assignments.Displays exceptional problem-solving and critical thinking skills in math.Is able to demonstrate and describe the process of addition of whole numbers up to...Is able to demonstrate place value concepts to give meaning to numbers 0 to...Understands place value and uses it to round numbers to the nearest...Uses data to create charts and graphs.Uses various strategies to solve one- and two-step word problems.Understands the relationship between addition and subtraction, and  multiplication and division .Solves real-world mathematical problems involving... Has good numerical skills and can use them in a variety of contexts.Is able to apply steps of a problem-solving process with considerable effectiveness.Demonstrates a thorough understanding of all math concepts and communicates with considerable clarity and justification of reasoning. Needs Improvement Comments On those occasions when you need to convey less-than-positive information on a students report card regarding math, use the following phrases to assist you. Can understand the concepts taught, but often makes careless mistakes.Needs to slow down and check his work carefully.Has difficulty with multistep math problems.Is able to follow mathematical processes but has difficulty explaining how answers are derived.Has difficulty with math concepts that involve high-level problem-solving.Has difficulty understanding and solving word problems.Could benefit from attending after-school math help sessions.Needs to memorize her basic addition and subtraction facts.Math homework assignments are often handed in late or incomplete.Has difficulty with math concepts that involve high-level problem-solving.Seems to show no interest in our math program.Is able to follow mathematical processes, but has difficulty explaining how answers are derived.Lacks basic math skills.Requires more time and practice in calculating addition and subtraction facts.Requires more time and practice in calculating multiplication and division facts.Needs to put much more effor t into learning to calculate addition and subtraction facts. Needs to put much more effort into learning to calculate multiplication and division facts.Needs practice with completing word problems.Needs considerable adult assistance to be able to complete word problems.Demonstrates a limited understanding of comparing numbers to...